Genocide recent developments encyclopedia britannica. In 1850, for example, around 400 pomo people, including women and children, were slaughtered by the u. Naimark lucidly shows that genocide both changes over time, depending on the character of major historical periods, and remains the same in many of its. Sadly, atrocious genocides from the past, and even ones that could be taking place right now, are not always in the global spotlight. Learn more about the history of genocide in this article. The encyclopedia of genocide abcclio, 1999 emphasizes the nazi holocaust and does not aim to cover the entire history and range of genocides. This atoz encyclopaedia examines the entire history of crimes against humanity, during both wartime and peacetime. Written by almost 100 experts from many countries, this award winning text is the first reference work to chart the full extent of this horrific subject with objectivity and authority. Genocide in the ancient world ancient history encyclopedia. Genocide is the deliberate and systematic destruction, in whole or in part, of an ethnic, racial, religious or national group.
Encyclopedia of the age of war and reconstruction dictionary. The ottoman government targeted armenians in several stages. Encyclopedia of genocide israel w charny this encyclopaedia set documents all known genocides which have taken place in history, from the massacres of indigenous peoples by colonizers, through the armenian genocide and the nazi holocaust to. Genocide is a term used to describe violence against members of a national, ethnic, racial or religious group with the intent to destroy the entire group. Ancient history encyclopedia foundation is a nonprofit organization. Genocides have occurred and continue to occur in every corner of the globe, in societies. The book puts forward the important argument that brutal mass killings under stalin in the 1930s were indeed acts of genocide and that the soviet dictator himself was behind them.
It happened in what was the ottoman empire, currently the countries of iraq, turkey, and syria. In this stimulating and gripping history, william rubinstein sets out to clarify the meaning of the term genocide and its historical evolution, and provides a working definition that informs the rest of the book. The namibian coastline is nearly 2,000 kilometers 1,200. Genocides have occurred and continue to occur in every corner of the globe, in societies ancient and modern, for reasons as diverse as the acquisition of land and. This perception largely stems from the terrible events which took place during world war two in the 20th century ce in the parts of europe occupied by the nazis. The jewish holocaust was the worst genocide of all time by total death toll. While many cases of grouptargeted violence have occurred throughout history and even since the convention came into effect, the legal and international development of the term is concentrated into two distinct historical periods. Mar 27, 2020 this collection of essays by leading international experts offers an uptodate, comprehensive history and analyses of multiple cases of genocide and genocidal acts, with a focus on the twentieth century. List of genocides by death toll wikipedia republished. In 1944, polish jewish lawyer raphael lemkin 19001959 coined the term genocide in a book documenting nazi policies of systematically destroying national and ethnic groups, including the mass murder of european jews. After defeating the forces of dictator general fulgencio batista, fidel castro became premier of cuba this day in 1959 and transformed the island country into the western hemispheres first communist state. Encyclopedia of genocide and crimes against humanity 3.
A biographical encyclopedia of contemporary genocide. Genocide occurs in every time period and on every continent. The authors perspective is global and he is interested in genocide before the twentieth century. Among the contributors are experts in the armenian, bosnian, and cambodian genocides, as well as the holocaust against the jewish people. Beginnings of the extermination of a minoritya process of destruction in five phasesthe genocidal plan of a regime and a stateevidencegathering and trying the guiltythe failure of allies and the apathy of compatriots source for information on armenian genocide. The book describes the implementation of nazi policies in occupied europe, and cites earlier mass killings. Mikaberidzes atrocities, massacres, and war crimes. A world history of genocide and extermination from sparta to darfur 9780300144253.
In 1850, for example, around 400 pomo people, including women and children, were slaughtered. This is a tough question to answer since there are a lot of great options out there, but from the suggestions ive seen here from other people, i would say that i strongly agree with these recommendations. A world history of genocide and extermination from sparta to darfur on the french conquest of algeria, that within 3 decades of the french conquest of algeria in 1830, war, famine and disease citation needed had reduced the original population from 3 million by a figure ranging from 500,000 to. Genocide is often viewed as a particular feature of our own current age. The southern african country of namibia is a tough place to live. It does not include nongenocidal mass killing such as the destruction under the mongol empire, the thirty years war, japanese war crimes, the atrocities in the congo free state, the 19651966 indonesian politicide or the great leap forward. The world book encyclopedia informs that the name kush, means death 16. In 1944, raphael lemkin created the term genocide in his book axis rule in occupied europe. A worl d histor y of genoc ide and extermination from sparta to darfur on the french conquest of algeria, that within 3 decades of the french conquest of algeria in 1830, war, famine and disease citation needed had reduced the original population from 3 million by a figure ranging from 500,000 to.
Books on genocide genocide and minority persecution 1970. Although the convention stipulated that persons charged with genocide should be tried before an international penal tribunal or a tribunal of the state in which. This list may not reflect recent changes learn more. A term coined by raphael lemkin in his 1944 book axis rule in occupied europe, the hybrid word genocide is a combination of the greek word race, people and the latin suffix caedo act of killing.
A great advancement has been made by ben kiernans monumental new book, blood and soil. Apr 08, 2011 this is a tough question to answer since there are a lot of great options out there, but from the suggestions ive seen here from other people, i would say that i strongly agree with these recommendations. Genocide is done usually by a group, such as a government, or military group, not by one person or a small number of people. A key element in this case, and one which would be in line with lemkins notion of genocide, was romes apparent intention to. Genocides article about genocides by the free dictionary. In 100 days, from april to july 1994, as many as one million people, mostly tutsis, were massacred when a hutu extremistled government launched a plan to wipe out the countrys entire tutsi minority and any others who opposed its policies. While encyclopedia britannica says the name hindu kush first appears in 33 ad in the writings of ibn battutah, the medieval berber traveller, who said the name meant hindu killer, a meaning still given by afgan mountain dwellers who are traditional. The holocaust usually considered the worst instance of genocide in history.
He makes the important argument that each instance of genocide is best understood within a particular. All consider various sorts of revenge by the plant kingdom on its primary oppressors, human beings. The book epitomizes scholarly autobiographical writing at its best. The 400plus entries in atrocities, massacres, and war. Other writers, however, contend that european and u. Encyclopedia of war crimes and genocide revised edition. Large massacres wiped out entire tribal populations. When racism and xenophobia have been allowed to grow to their worst extremes, millions of innocent people have died for merely who they were. Jan 27, 20 the killing of all the inhabitants of a citystate whose inhabitants had refused to surrender was quite frequent in the ancient world so labelling this particular incident as genocide needs careful examination. The genocides could just as well be a slipstream novel instead of sf. Both concise and wideranging, this encyclopedia covers massacres, atrocities, war crimes, and genocides, including acts of inhumanity on all continents. Even the compilers, freelance writer leslie horvitz and fellow of the royal historical society, christopher catherwood, are a.
Genocides have continued to happen since the holocaust, for example in rwanda in 1994. Genocide is the crime of killing many people who are all part of one ethnic or religious group, or some sort of similar group, and trying to destroy that group. The subject coverage is wide and subjects are thoughtfully approached from varying perspectives. Genocide is a planned, systematic attempt to eliminate an entire targeted population by murdering all members of that group. In the twentieth century, an estimated 200 million have perished from genocide. Genocide is a planned, systematic attempt to eliminate an entire. However, there are certain occasions in the ancient world which could also be possibly considered as genocide. It is defined in article 2 of the convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide cppcg of 1948 as any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national. The crime of destroying or conspiring to destroy a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group. The armenian genocide 19151922 was another deadly genocide with a high death count. Jul 01, 2019 large massacres wiped out entire tribal populations. Genocide, the deliberate and systematic destruction of a group of people because of their ethnicity, nationality, religion, or race.
But beginning with the armenians, genocides have become. Genocide and american indian history oxford research. But few genocides have been as sweeping or welldocumented as the the nazi holocaust, adolf hitlers final solution to the jewish question. This innovative book, the product of a yearlong collaboration of scholars from many disciplines, is the first curriculum to systematically tie the teaching of the holocaust to an analysis of the genocides in armenia, bosnia and kosovo, and rwanda. The nazi genocide of the jews, while unique in some ways, was not the only genocide of the twentieth century. Stalins genocides is the chilling story of these crimes.
On this day what happened today in history britannica. Dirk moses, the online encyclopedia of mass violence. This is a comparative and temporal vision that only the world history approach can provide. Naimark lucidly shows that genocide both changes over time, depending on the character of major historical periods, and. Since ancient times, the jews have been highly persecuted by egyptians, romans, and christians alike. Many writers see the massive depopulation of the indigenous population of the americas after 1492 as a clearcut case of the genocide. Pdf encyclopedia of genocide download full pdf book. This encyclopedia is the first reference work to document the full extent of the past and present of this awful subject with authority and objectivity, while also looking to the future and showing how education about the subject can perhaps lead to a world where genocide is better anticipated and prevented. This list of genocides by death toll includes death toll estimates of all deaths that are either directly or indirectly caused by genocide. Genocide in rwanda genocide is an end result of extreme prejudice a negative attitude towards others based on a prejudgment about those individuals based on little prior knowledge or experience.
Browse the library shelves for books on your topic. Portraits of evil and good is a unique study of humanitys most reprehensible actions. Even the very definition of genocide is contested, but generally speaking, it refers to the intentional destruction of a particular race, ethnicity, religious group, or nationality. List of genocides by death toll wikipedia republished wiki 2. The encyclopedia is suitable for high school and undergraduate libraries as well as for a general readership. It does not include non strictlygenocidal mass killing variously called mass murder, crimes against humanity, politicide, policide, classicide, war crimes such as the thirty years war 7. The armenian genocide occurred between 1915 and 1922 in what was then known as the ottoman empire. Genocide is a term coined in 1944 by raphael lemkin to describe the deliberate and systematic destruction, in whole or in part, of an ethnic, racial, religious, or national group. Genocide is a topic beset by ambiguities over meaning and double standards. Genocide is the intentional action to destroy a peopleusually defined as an ethnic, national, racial, or religious groupin whole or in part. Genocide is the mass killing of a group of people, as defined by article 2 of the convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide cppcg as any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a nation al, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such. The issue of genocide and american indian history has been contentious.
Encyclopedia of genocide genocide education project. The new work has twice the number of pages and is larger in physical size. It traces the history of events that qualify as genocide and crimes against humanity, profiles perpetrators and heroes, and explains international laws and law proceedings. The following 4 pages are in this category, out of 4 total. During world war i, the ottoman turks committed genocide against the armenians and other christian minorities in their empire. This collection of antibiophilia stretches at least from greener than you think 1947, to the day 0f the triffids 1951, to death of grass 1982. Nearly 75% of the armenian population in turkey was killed. With more than 450 entries, the encyclopaedia covers a wide range of relevant topics. An encyclopedia collects a wide variety of events, people, and activities over a significant span of time into one resource. Genocide simple english wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The encyclopedia of genocide is the first reference work to chart the full extent of this horrific subject with objectivity and authority. It does not include non strictlygenocidal mass killing variously called mass murder, crimes against humanity, politicide, classicide, war crimes such as the thirty years war 7. Red khmer in cambodia on its own population without really planning to extinct cambodians but with actively killing them in any way imagina.
Totalitarian dictatorships, past war and defeat, ideologies of exclusiveness, ethnic. The book also includes the most important works by each author on the issue of genocide. This encyclopedia spans the globe to explain the issues behind crimes against humanity and human rights issues as they relate to individual countries and the world at large. Gaia strikes back the genocides, written in 1965, is part of a very specialized dystopian subgenre which might be called apocalyptic greenery. Genocide can be committed in a number of ways, including killing members of a group or causing them serious mental or bodily harm, deliberately inflicting conditions that will bring about a groups physical destruction, imposing measures on a group to prevent births, and forcefully. This is the way the world ends no bang, no whimper, just the disintegration of a rotten apple. Ben kiernans book is a major contribution to genocide studiesa first attempt to tell the history of genocidal events, from sparta to darfur, blood and soil is a wellresearched, detailed account of many instances of mass killings and the reasons for their occurrence. With more than 500 entries, this twovolume atoz encyclopedia covers a wide range of relevant topics, including human rights, war criminals. Genocides in the twentieth century genocides have occurred since the earliest recorded history, from the israelite destruction of numerous communities in canaan, depicted in the book of joshua, to the roman annihilation of carthage and its population. The monash libraries use the dewey decimal classification scheme to organise books and. The book contains studies of the armenian genocide, the victims of stalinist terror, the holocaust, and imperial japan. The term was derived from the greek genos race, tribe, or nation and the latin cide killing. Focusing on the major cases of genocide in twentiethcentury europe, including the armenian genocide, the holocaust and genocide in the former yugoslavia, as well as mass killing in the soviet union, this book outlines the internal and external roots of genocide.
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